Mersault and His Trial in Albert Camus’s “The Stranger” Essay

Is there truly any justice in the novel The Stranger, written by Albert Camus? This is a question that naturally protrudes throughout the novel, as it is not abundantly clear what Meursault, the protagonist, was, in fact, put on trial for. At the beginning of the second part of the narrative, it is understood that he is put on trial for the murder of an Arab; however, it later comes to our attention that the murder was not the primary reason of his trial, and perhaps not even an essential one for that matter. The fact remains that Meursault was undoubtedly put on trial, not for the murder committed, but for being the way he was: unemotional through the eyes of society, which was represented by the jury. To the reader it seems only natural that one should be put on trial, not for their personality, but for the harmful acts that one may commit to another person. Therefore, the idea is strongly implanted in the novel, as well as the mind of the reader, that Meursault was put on trial for murder. Nevertheless, throughout the course of the novel, it becomes apparent that he was, as a matter of fact, not put on trial for the murder of the Arab, but instead, for acting in such a stoic manner. Being the honest, straightforward man he was, he answered all questions in that same conduct. Once Meursault had been appointed a lawyer, his lawyer inquired over the events of Maman’s funeral. Meursault responded rather coldly when his lawyer had asked him if he had felt any sadness that day, saying that he â€Å"probably did love Maman, but that didn’t mean anything. At one time or another all normal people have wished their loved ones dead.† (p. 65) This quotation only demonstrates that he was unemotional. Now, one must ask the following question: how does this relate to the murder of the Arab? The answer is simple: it does not relate to the murder of the Arab. Being the representative of society, the jury opposes Meursault and accuses him of not conforming to society’s natural ways, and being what we nowadays refer to as the â€Å"odd one out†. They exclude him from society for his odd clear-cut and sincere demeanor, and for his manifestation of an inexpressive character. Another example is the moment in which the magistrate, a local member of the judiciary having limited jurisdiction, especially in criminal cases, questioned Meursault. In this particular scene, the magistrate changes the  topic rather abruptly from his love for Maman, to which he responded he loved â€Å"the same as anyone†(p. 67), to the murder scene. What followed was a vast discussion on Meursault’s belief in God, which he felt rather apathetic about; however, the magistrate, waving a crucifix to his face refers to him as the â€Å"antichrist† (p. 71). And later, during the trial, the judge and the prosecuting attorney seem more intrigued by the fact that Meursault did not grieve at his mother’s funeral and got involved with Marie the day after it, than the actual act that had been committed: the assassination of a man. The majority of the witnesses that had been called only supported the argument of his callous nature, as they very well knew that Meu rsault was frighteningly candid, and could not, or would not, create a perversion of the truth to suite his trial, as well as his need for freedom. Throughout the trial he is constantly asked about Maman, and whether she ever complained about him, or if she had â€Å"reproached him for having put her in the home† (p. 89), to which both, the answer was an affirmative. After a while, it becomes apparent that they are no longer inquiring over the murder, but instead, over his mother’s unfortunate death. It arrives at the point that the prosecutor declares â€Å"‘The same man who the day alter his mother died was indulging in the most shameful debauchery killed a man for the most trivial of reasons and did so in order to settle an affair of speakable vice.'† (p. 96) To which Meursault lawyer replies, â€Å"‘Come now, is my client on trial for burying his mother or for killing a man?† (p.96) This is the crucial point of the novel, as it is here that it becomes evident the true reason for which he is put on trial. This is the key question throughout the entire trial, and the answer is obvious as the prosecutor firmly responds, â€Å"‘Indeed (†¦) I accuse this man of burying his mother with crime in his heart!†(p. 96) This is a rather profound statement that affects not only the characters in the novel, but the reader as well, rather intensely. Thus, it becomes palpable that society, in other words, the jury attempted to fabricate and impose rational explanations for Meursault’s irrational actions. The fact that he was so straightforward and onest was disruptive and threatening to their society as they were not accustomed to it, and therefore, they saw no meaning, which would consequently create chaos in  their orderly lives. Meursault appears to do as he pleases, when he pleases, and therefore, follows no pattern throughout his life, hence, society becomes threatened by him, which ultimately leads to his execution.

Los Angeles Rams Football Club V. Cannon

Los Angeles Rams Football Club v. Cannon 185 F. Supp. 717 (S. D. Cal. 1960) Plaintiff prays for an injunction to restrain defendant playing football or engaging in related activities for anyone other than the plaintiff without the plaintiff’s consent during the term of a contract or contracts allegedly entered into by the parties on November 30, 1959, and an order declaring the existence of a valid written contract or contracts. Defendant denies he ever entered into a contract or contracts as alleged and further claims, as defenses to plaintiff’s claims, fourteen affirmative defenses.Cannon never formally accepted the contract offered, therefore it is only an offer. The Commissioner never signed the contract so this makes not valid. There did not come into existence a valid written contract or contracts binding upon plaintiff and defendant there is no basis upon which to consider plaintiff’s claims for equitable relief or defendant’s affirmative defenses i n opposition thereto. Specifically, therefore, I make no findings as to the issues of fraud and deceit, or any other of the equitable issues raised by defendant’s affirmative defenses.Judgment will be for defendant, with costs†¦. Sample v. Gotham Football Club, Inc. 59 F. R. D. 160 (S. D. N. Y. 1973) Defendant is the owner and operator of a professional football team popularly known as the â€Å"New York Jets. † On September 1, 1968, it entered into three separately executed written agreements with plaintiff under which plaintiff was required to render services as a professional football player for the 1968, 1969 and 1970 football seasons. Each document represents the agreement between plaintiff and defendant for a different year.The current dispute only pertains to the contracts covering the 1969 and 1970 football seasons. The New York court of appeals has stated that when the terms of a written contract are clear and unambiguous the intent of the parties must be ascertained from the language used to express such intent. Plaintiff argues that an injury was sustained during the performance of a three-year contract he is entitled to his salary for the remaining term of the contract. Defendant argues that they were three separate one year contract and would only be liable to pay for the season the injury took place.After determining that the exercise of the option clause had the effect of creating a new contract with the plaintiff, the Fifth Circuit concluded: [I]t follows that Hennigan was not entitled to compensation for the 1967 football season from the Chargers. He suffered no injury while in the performance of any services required of him after the option was exercised. Consequently, he is not entitled to payment under paragraph 15 (the injury provision) The result reached above concerning Sample’s second claim is thus on all fours with Hennigan.Reviewing the dispositions, the court denies plaintiff’s cross-motion for summar y judgment on both its first and second causes of action†¦. Eckles v. Sharman 548 F. 2d 905 (10th Cir. 1977) This is an action by the owner of a professional basketball team for breach of contract by a former coach and for the inducement of that breach by the owner of another professional basketball team. Judgment was entered on a jury verdict for $250,000 against the coach and for $175,000 against the inducing owner.We reverse and remand with directions. We have repeatedly held that a verdict may not be directed unless the evidence all points one way and is susceptible of no reasonable inference which sustain the position of the party against whom the motion is made†¦. On the record presented it may not be said, as a matter of law, that the option and pension clauses were unessential and hence severable. Neither can it be said, as a matter of law, that without the resolution of the controversy ver those clauses Sharman agreed to the assignment of the contract to the owner s of the Utah Stars. The pertinent intent questions required factual determination by the jury under proper instructions. The court erred in directing a verdict against Sharman and in favor of Mountain States on the liability issue. The judgments are severally reversed and the case is remanded for a new trial in accordance with this opinion. National Football League Players Ass’n v. National Football League Management Council 233 Cal. Rptr. 147 (Cal. Ct. App. 1986The Raiders and Management council content that the arbitrator exceeded his powers in that he made an error in law by failing to apply the doctrine of mitigation of damages. They further content that the award violates public policy and that the award was incorrectly calculated. We affirm the judgment. Pastorini’s dispute with the Raiders clearly falls within the ambit of section 301(a) of the labor Management Relations Act, which pertains to â€Å"suits for violation of contracts between an employer and a la bor organization representing employees in an industry affecting commerce†¦. Therefore, we must apply federal substantive law†¦. However; we may also rely on the state law if it is compatible with the purposes of federal law†¦. We conclude that offset is inapplicable in the instant case and that the arbitrator did not make an error of law. This court may reverse the arbitrator’s award only if there is a manifest disregard of the agreement, totally unsupported by principles of contract construction†¦. No such manifest disregard appears in the instant case. The judgment is affirmed.Alabama Football, Inc. v. Stabler 319 So. 2d 678 (Ala. 1975) Stabler filed a complaint on December 4, 1974, seeking a declaratory judgment and other relief, contending that the defendant had breached its contract with Stabler by failing to pay the balance due in 1974 under the contract between the parties; that the terms of the contract prohibited him from negotiating a contract w ith any other professional football club; and that irreparable damage would result to him if the contract was not held to be null and void.After a hearing, the trail court entered its judgment on January 6, 1975, holding that the contract between Stabler and Alabama Football, Inc. had been breached by Alabama Football, Inc. and that Stabler was free from any obligation under any terms of the contract. Since there was substantial evidence from which the trail court could have concluded that appellant was unable to perform its contract with Stabler, we find no basis for reversal on this point†¦.

Syria Crisis Essays

Syria Crisis Essays Syria Crisis Essay Syria Crisis Essay Syria Chemical Crisis On August 21, near Damascus, chemical weapons were released on Syrian citizens. There is much debate on where the attack originated from. Some people think its rebels and others think its the Syrian government. They have estimated at least 1,400 men, women, and children have died as a result of this attack. President Obama is deciding weather or not the United States will take action. Russian president Vladimir Putting has proposed a plan to turn it over to international monitors to take control of the Syrian governments chemical weapons. My thought is once the international monitors take control of the weapons, whos to say that they wont use it for their own purposes? I think some sort of punishment should be given, however, right now they arent getting punished at all. I dont think bombing Syria will help the situation at this time. Russian President Putting said A strike would increase violence and unleash a new eave of terrorism. Im not sure exactly what the outcome will be, but its still being debated right now and I guess well have to wait and see how the situation plays out. Now in order to make this essay long enough for this website to accept it, I would need to make it longer which is what I am trying to do right now. Hey, how are you? Do you like Penguins? I love Penguins. SUPERCALIFRAGILEISTICEXPEALIDOCIOUS BOOM

Judas at the Jockey Club essays

Judas at the Jockey Club essays William H. Beezleys Judas at the Jockey Club provides the reader with an accurate in-depth view of a struggling and developing Mexico throughout the Porfirian era up to the year 1910. Beezley considers this period in Mexican history to begin around 1876 and states that the social, political and economic factors are considered as an argument that this period can be seen as the foundation for modern Mexico. The author also examines the ordinary aspects of the every day lives of Mexicans. From sports to recreation, from work to jobs, and from ceremonies to celebrations in order to illustrate the extent to which the two main culture groups of Mexican society, los de arriba (the elite) and los de abajo (the underclass) live their very separate lives. Beezleys research was extremely extensive, but organized to perfection. He used an impressive amount of different newspapers, magazines, and books to successfully cover the cultural separations and highly defined differences of the two social divisions in the developing nation of Mexico around the turn of the 20th century. The author uses over one hundred different sources to inform the reader that there is much more to Mexican life than seen by the naked eye. However, Beezley could have supported his views on the lower class with a further in-depth focus as he did so with the upper class. Overall, his research and argument was well written. He captures local Mexican views and standpoints of both the upper and lower classes and created a division that would make a reader, with any or little previous knowledge of Latin American study, understand with the greatest of ease. Judas at the Jockey Club is divided into three large sections of interest including Sport & Recreation (elite class), Rocks & Rawhide in Rural Society (lower class), and finally, one entitled Judas at the Jockey Club. The first section of sport and recreation is a true test of knowledge and an endless suppl...

Definition and Examples of Linguistic Variation

Definition and Examples of Linguistic Variation The term linguistic variation (or simply variation) refers to regional, social, or contextual differences in the ways that a particular language is used. Variation between languages, dialects, and speakers is known as interspeaker variation. Variation within the language of a single speaker is called intraspeaker variation. Since the rise of sociolinguistics in the 1960s, interest in linguistic variation (also called linguistic variability)  has developed rapidly. R.L. Trask notes that variation, far from being peripheral and inconsequential, is a vital part of ordinary linguistic behavior (Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics, 2007). The formal study of variation is known as variationist (socio)linguistics. All aspects of language (including phonemes, morphemes, syntactic structures, and meanings) are subject to variation. Examples and Observations Linguistic variation is central to the study of language use. In fact it is impossible to study the language forms used in natural texts without being confronted with the issue of linguistic variability. Variability is inherent in human language: a single speaker will use different linguistic forms on different occasions, and different speakers of a language will express the same meanings using different forms. Most of this variation is highly systematic: speakers of a language make choices in pronunciation, morphology, word choice, and grammar depending on a number of non-linguistic factors. These factors include the speakers purpose in communication, the relationship between speaker and hearer, the production circumstances, and various demographic affiliations that a speaker can have.(Randi Reppen et al., Using Corpora to Explore Linguistic Variation. John Benjamins, 2002)Linguistic Variation and Sociolinguistic VariationThere are  two types of language variation: linguistic and sociolinguistic. With linguistic variation, the alternation between elements is categorically constrained by the linguistic context in which they occur. With sociolinguistic variation, speakers  can choose between elements in the same linguistic context and, hence the alternation is probabilistic. Furthermore, the probability of one form  being chosen over another is also affected in a probabilistic way by a range of extra-linguistic factors [e.g. the degree of (in)formality of the topic under discussion, the social status of the speaker and of the interlocutor, the setting in which communication takes place, etc.](Raymond Mougeon et al.,  The Sociolinguistic Competence of Immersion Students. Multilingual Matters, 2010) Dialectal VariationA dialect is variation in grammar and vocabulary in addition to sound variations. For example, if one person utters the sentence John is a farmer and another says the same thing except pronounces the word farmer as fahmuh, then the difference is one of accent. But if one person says something like You should not do that and another says Ya hadnt oughta do that, then this is a dialect difference because the variation is greater. The extent of dialect differences is a continuum. Some dialects are extremely different and others less so.(Donald G. Ellis, From Language to Communication. Routledge, 1999)Types of Variation[R]egional variation is only one of many possible types of differences among speakers of the same language. For example, there are occupational dialects (the word bugs means something quite different to a computer programmer and an exterminator), sexual dialects (women are far more likely than men to call a new house adorable), and educational dialects ( the more education people have, the less likely they are to use double negatives). There are dialects of age (teenagers have their own slang, and even the phonology of older speakers is likely to differ from that of young speakers in the same geographical region) and dialects of social context (we do not talk the same way to our intimate friends as we do to new acquaintances, to the paperboy, or to our employer). . . . [R]egional dialects are only one of many types of linguistic variation.(C. M. Millward and Mary Hayes, A Biography of the English Language, 3rd ed. Wadsworth, 2012) Linguistic Variables- [T]he introduction of the quantitative approach to language description has revealed important  patterns of linguistic behaviour which were previously invisible. The concept of a sociolinguistic variable has become central to the  description of speech. A variable is some point of usage for which two or more competing forms are available in a community, with speakers showing interesting and significant differences in the frequency with which they use one or another of these competing forms.Furthermore, it has been discovered that variation is typically the vehicle of language change.(R.L. Trask,  Key Concepts in Language and Linguistics. Routledge, 1999/2005)- Lexical variables are fairly straightforward, as long as we can show that the two variantssuch as the choice between soda and pop for a carbonated beverage in American Englishrefer to the same entity. Thus, in the case of soda and pop, we need to take into account that for many U.S. southerners, Coke (when used to refer to a beverage and not the steel-making fuel or the illicit narcotic) has the same referent as soda, whereas in other parts of the U.S., Coke refers to a single brand/flavour of the beverage . . ..(Scott F. Kiesling,  Linguistic Variation and Change. Edinburgh University Press, 2011)

What is the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic motivators on the Dissertation

What is the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic motivators on the motivational level of employees - Dissertation Example Intrinsic Factors 24 Table 3 Descriptive Statistics: Extrinsic Factors 26 Table 4 Model Summary 28 Table 5 ANOVA b 29 Table 6 Coefficients a 29 Table 1 Legend for Responses for Close-Ended Statements 18 Table 2 Descriptive Statistics: Intrinsic Factors 24 Table 3 Descriptive Statistics: Extrinsic Factors 27 Table 4 Model Summary 29 Table 5 ANOVA b 30 Table 6 Coefficients a 30 Figure 1 Regression Analysis 30 Figure 1 Regression Analysis 31 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background to the Context The transformed situation of business world where the competition driven industries requires organizations to perform at their best, it is becoming necessary for the organizations to keep their employees motivated (Reich, 2002). This is because employees or human resource of an organization are considered to be the core assets of the organization who are responsible of running the operational activities of the business. The human resource of an organization helps in successful achievement of organ izational goals and objectives by efficient use of its resources. Motivation, as defined by Robbins (1993) is the willingness of the human resource of an orgaznaition to put their best input in order to ensure that the output of their efforts achieves the organizational goals and objectives in an efficient manner. Over the time, organizations and their management has utilized motivation as a tool to bring improvement in the operational mechanisms and maintaining an environment which not only supplements the organizational goals and objectives, but also supports the goals and desires of an individual employee (Shanks, 2007). Considering the importance of motivation for better organizational performance, managers all around the world have identified different motivators to motivate their sub... The essay discusses that the transformed situation of business world where the competition driven industries requires organizations to perform at their best, it is becoming necessary for the organizations to keep their employees motivated. This is because employees or human resource of an organization are considered to be the core assets of the organization who are responsible of running the operational activities of the business. The human resource of an organization helps in successful achievement of organizational goals and objectives by efficient use of its resources. Motivation, as defined by Robbins is the willingness of the human resource of an orgaznaition to put their best input in order to ensure that the output of their efforts achieves the organizational goals and objectives in an efficient manner. Over the time, organizations and their management has utilized motivation as a tool to bring improvement in the operational mechanisms and maintaining an environment which not only supplements the organizational goals and objectives, but also supports the goals and desires of an individual employee. Considering the importance of motivation for better organizational performance, managers all around the world have identified different motivators to motivate their sub ordinates and colleagues. These methods are sub divided into two categories, i.e. the intrinsic motivators and extrinsic motivators, which will be discussed in the later chapter in detail.

Database and Enterprise Application Security Essay - 1

Database and Enterprise Application Security - Essay Example Through the identification of problems and issues near the beginning of the projects initialization phase the operating system, environment, system architecture, and database can be designed and integrated with security included features. In addition, it also ensures that system development process followed the rules and regulations, legislation and standards application. This paper presents a detailed analysis of web-security issues which need to be considered by the developers of enterprise web-applications. This paper also outlines fundamental security features offered by database management systems and use of these features in securing the database from security breaches. Â  Websites and web applications normally interact and communicate with other back-office applications, remote services, and distributed systems those are competent to be placed with the range of local premises, locations, and facilities at some other location. In this scenario, the difficult to manage and complicated nature of web-based system presents the need for better communication among the systems and this aspect leads to a greater likelihood of experiencing security vulnerabilities or weaknesses. This condition initiates elevated chances of the security infringement.